Although the hospital of st.Mary of Bethlam (Bedlam) in London had cared for the mentally ill since at least 1403, it was not until the 18th century that hospital facilities for the insane began to be seriuosly provided, and even this was on a relatively small scale.
Unease about the state in which many lunatics were kept led to the 1774 Act of parliment, under which five commissioners from the royal college of physicians inspected private madhouse in London, and justices visited and licensed those in the provinces. Though not successful in eliminating abuses, this Act was a forerunner for the later system of inspection of asylums.
In the early 19th century, a major fator in bringing mental illness to public attention was the illness of George III, a popular monarch who suffered recurrent periods of mania (now considered probably to be caused by porphyria) that his physicians were unable to control. they sought the advice of the reverend Doctor Francis Willis, who ran an asylum in Lincolnshire. He is said to have told the king that he was in urgent need of control himself or be put in a straightjacket. The prominence of the king's illness and its treatment focused attention on the problem and led to questioning about the lunacy laws.
The retreat and non-restraint
In Brittain, the founding of the retreat at York in 1796 by William Tuke, a quaker and a layman, with the development there of 'moral treatment', showed that asylum patients could be cared for more humanely. When Tuke's grandson Samual published details of the institution and its methods in description of the retreat in 1813, the concepts of moral treatment reached a wider audience. Despite its small size and other atypical charecteristics, the retreat began to act as a model which many future asylums attempted to reproduce.
The approach to the treatment of patients was a mixture of moral, educational and behavioural methods- an early example of a psychological approach. The success of the retreat convinced many that institutional care was the ideal method of treatment for the mentally ill.